Fatwa ID: 09335
Answered by Muftiyah Humairah Badshah
Question:
Assalamu alaykum,
I follow the Hanafi madhhab and I have a question regarding kaffarah for broken fasts.
For several past Ramadans (approximately 11 years), I would make intention to fast but then deliberately break some fasts without a valid excuse. I never performed any kaffarah during those years.
I am unsure exactly how many days were broken each year, so I have estimated and calculated approximately 283 qada fasts in total to make up.
My question is:
Since I never performed kaffarah in between those years, do I owe one kaffarah per Ramadan in which a fast was deliberately broken, or would one kaffarah suffice for all past violations according to the Hanafi school?
Also, what is the correct order between qada and kaffarah in this situation?
Jazakum Allahu khayran for your guidance.
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer:
You should perform your 283 qada fasts first. After this, perform one kaffarah (ie: sixty consecutive fasts) for all your broken fasts if your fasts were broken due to intentional eating or drinking or similar reasons. However, you must do a separate kaffarah for each fast broken by intentional intercourse.
In most cases, when a person breaks multiple Ramadhan fasts in ways which necessitate kaffarah, such as eating or drinking intentionally, one kaffarah will suffice for all the past incidents.[1] The exception to this is if the fast was broken by intercourse–in such a case, one kaffarah will not suffice and kaffarah will have to be done for each fast which was broken in such a manner.[1]
In these cases wherein kaffarah is due, it is also necessary for you to do qada of the broken fasts.[2] You should perform the qada before the kaffarah, and it has been mentioned that it is recommended to do the qada and kaffarah consecutively if possible.[2]
Note that the kaffarah for breaking a fast is sixty consecutive fasts.[3] The fasts must be done one after another without breaks (outside of menstruation if it occurs).[3]
Only Allah ﷻ knows best.
Written by Muftiyah Humairah Badshah
Checked and approved by Mufti Mohammed Tosir Miah
Darul Ifta Birmingham
References:
[1]
وَلَوْ تَكَرَّرَ فِطْرُهُ وَلَمْ يُكَفِّرْ لِلْأَوَّلِ يَكْفِيه وَاحِدَةٌ وَلَوْ فِي رَمَضَانَيْنِ عِنْدَ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِمَادُ بَزَّازِيَّةٌ وَمُجْتَبَى وَغَيْرُهُمَا وَاخْتَارَ بَعْضُهُمْ لِلْفَتْوَى أَنَّ الْفِطْرَ بِغَيْرِ الْجِمَاعِ تَدَاخَلَ وَإِلَّا لَا
…
قَوْلُهُ: وَلَمْ يُكَفِّرْ لِلْأَوَّلِ) أَمَّا لَوْ كَفَّرَ فَعَلَيْهِ أُخْرَى فِي ظَاهِرِ الرِّوَايَةِ لِلْعِلْمِ بِأَنَّ الزَّجْرَ لَمْ يَحْصُلْ بِالْأُولَى بَحْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ: وَعَلَيْهِ الِاعْتِمَادُ) نَقَلَهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ الْأَسْرَارِ وَنَقَلَ قَبْلَهُ عَنْ الْجَوْهَرَةِ لَوْ جَامَعَ فِي رَمَضَانَيْنِ فَعَلَيْهِ كَفَّارَتَانِ وَإِنْ لَمْ يُكَفِّرْ لِلْأُولَى فِي ظَاهِرِ الرِّوَايَةِ وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ. اهـ
قُلْت: فَقَدْ اخْتَلَفَ التَّرْجِيحُ كَمَا تَرَى وَيَتَقَوَّى الثَّانِي بِأَنَّهُ ظَاهِرُ الرِّوَايَةِ (قَوْلُهُ: إنْ الْفِطْرُ) إنْ شَرْطِيَّةٌ ح (قَوْلُهُ: وَإِلَّا لَا) أَيْ وَإِنْ كَانَ الْفِطْرُ الْمُتَكَرِّرُ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ بِجِمَاعٍ لَا تَتَدَاخَلُ الْكَفَّارَةُ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يُكَفِّرْ لِلْأَوَّلِ لِعِظَمِ الْجِنَايَةِ وَلِذَا أَوْجَبَ الشَّافِعِيُّ الْكَفَّارَةَ بِهِ دُونَ الْأَكْلِ وَالشُّرْبِ
Radd Al-Muhtaar (Halabi ed., Daar Al-Fikr, https://shamela.ws) v.2 p.413
النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي مَا يُوجِبُ الْقَضَاءَ وَالْكَفَّارَةَ) . مَنْ جَامَعَ عَمْدًا فِي أَحَدِ السَّبِيلَيْنِ فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَضَاءُ وَالْكَفَّارَةُ، وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ الْإِنْزَالُ فِي الْمَحَلَّيْنِ كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ. وَعَلَى الْمَرْأَةِ مِثْلُ مَا عَلَى الرَّجُلِ إنْ كَانَتْ مُطَاوِعَةً
…
إذَا أَكَلَ مُتَعَمِّدًا مَا يُتَغَذَّى بِهِ أَوْ يُتَدَاوَى بِهِ يَلْزَمُهُ الْكَفَّارَةُ، وَهَذَا إذَا كَانَ مِمَّا يُؤْكَلُ لِلْغِذَاءِ أَوْ لِلدَّوَاءِ
Al-Fataawa Al-Hindiyyah (Daar Al-Fikr, https://shamela.ws) v.1 p.205
[2]
قَضَى) فِي الصُّوَرِ كُلِّهَا (وَكَفَّرَ
…
(قَوْلُهُ: فِي الصُّوَرِ كُلِّهَا) أَيْ الْمَذْكُورَةِ فِي قَوْلِهِ وَإِنْ جَامَعَ إلَخْ (قَوْلُهُ وَكَفَّرَ) تَرَكَ بَيَانَ وَقْتِ وُجُوبِ الْقَضَاءِ وَالْكَفَّارَةِ إشْعَارًا بِأَنَّهُ عَلَى التَّرَاخِي كَمَا قَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ وَقَالَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ إنَّهُ عَلَى الْفَوْرِ، وَعَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ رِوَايَتَانِ كَمَا فِي التُّمُرْتَاشِيِّ وَقِيلَ بَيْنَ رَمَضَانَيْنِ وَقَالَ الْكَرْخِيُّ وَالْأَوَّلُ الصَّحِيحُ، وَكَذَا لَا يُكْرَهُ نَفْلُهُ كَمَا فِي الزَّاهِدِيِّ وَإِنَّمَا قَدَّمَ الْقَضَاءَ إشْعَارًا بِأَنَّهُ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يُقَدِّمَهُ عَلَى الْكَفَّارَةِ وَيُسْتَحَبُّ التَّتَابُعُ كَمَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ قُهُسْتَانِيٌّ
Radd Al-Muhtaar (Halabi ed., Daar Al-Fikr, https://shamela.ws) v.2 p.411
[3]
مَطْلَبٌ فِي الْكَفَّارَةِ (قَوْلُهُ: كَكَفَّارَةِ الْمُظَاهِرِ) مُرْتَبِطٌ بِقَوْلِهِ وَكَفَّرَ أَيْ مِثْلُهَا فِي التَّرْتِيبِ فَيَعْتِقُ أَوَّلًا فَإِنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ صَامَ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ أَطْعَمَ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا لِحَدِيثِ الْأَعْرَابِيِّ الْمَعْرُوفِ فِي الْكُتُبِ السِّتَّةِ فَلَوْ أَفْطَرَ وَلَوْ لِعُذْرٍ اسْتَأْنَفَ إلَّا لِعُذْرِ الْحَيْضِ
Radd Al-Muhtaar (Halabi ed., Daar Al-Fikr, https://shamela.ws) v.2 p.412