Fatwa ID: 09460
Answered by Muftiyah Maryam Badshah
Question:
Assalamu alaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh,
My question is if my marriage was valid in the first place, has the marriage been terminated regardless of our circumstances and the coercion I faced?
Here’s the background information:
I humbly seek your scholarly guidance regarding the status of a marriage and related divorce statements made under extremely challenging emotional and psychological circumstances. Anytime I mention “statements” I mean the proper words of divorce.
Background of the Marriage:
Her father refused the marriage from the outset. This refusal was not based on concerns about my suitability, no direct communication occurred with me.
The nikah was conducted secretly without family involvement. It was kept hidden from everyone but a couple of friends and colleagues at work.
An imam acted as my wife’s wali, though there is uncertainty about his qualification or proper authorization.
Two male Muslim witnesses, both approximately 18 years old, were present. However, the religious reliability and soundness of at least one witness is uncertain. He’s Muslim not an apostate or anything like that.
My wife suffers from serious mental health issues, specifically Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and a type of PSTD, which significantly impaired her emotional regulation and decision-making capacity. At present, she is on prescribed antidepressants to help manage her mental health.
She also displays symptoms consistent with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
She hardly ever prayed before or after the nikah.
I too suffer from severe anxiety, PTSD-like symptoms, and intrusive OCD thoughts.
Due to these factors, there is significant doubt about the validity of the nikah from a Sharia perspective.
Circumstances Surrounding Divorce Statements:
Several divorce statements were issued over time. Only one of these was given under sound mind, in a calm environment, and with clear intention. All others were uttered under conditions of extreme anger, emotional pain and mental instability, influenced heavily by the bride’s BPD and my PTSD-type symptoms. The intensity of these mental health struggles led to uncontrollable, trauma-fueled arguments during which divorce statements were made impulsively, without calm reflection.
I lost complete control during these moments to such a degree that I have little to no recollection of many of the statements given. I wouldn’t be suprised if we found out someone had done sihr on us.
During the periods in question, I experienced violent mood swings as well as my wife, frequent paranoia, and was prone to disproportionate outbursts over minor issues, it was the same with my wife. I always assumed malicious intent from others. My reactions included physical altercations and punching walls or objects out of anger—particularly during the days statements were being said and the surrounding months. My state of mind was far from stable or reflective.
All of the statements but one were motivated by waswasa and the nafs, with harmful thoughts such as “I will show her,” “I want to teach her a lesson,” and “I want to hurt her.” This inner conflict, driven by whispers and ego desires, contradicts the Prophet SAW guidance that divorce requires sober intention and control of anger.
If it were not for the extreme mental pressure, intense arguments fueled by anger, trauma, and waswasa, I would not have issued these divorce statements.
These statements were made:
During episodes of severe psychological distress and turmoil on both sides. During these episodes, I completely lost the ability to differentiate right from wrong. I could not grasp the consequences of what I was saying or doing. We would both say extremely offensive and even heinous things things that are completely out of our character and that we deeply regret. I also became physical once at her and many times to myself during these states, from being mentally overwhelmed, in extreme pain and psychologically dysregulated.
Without clear, deliberate intention or understanding of their consequences—except for the one calm and intentional instance.
Often followed by periods of mental disorientation and deep regret, indicating a lack of capacity to form valid intent at the time.
Without proper witnessing or adequate knowledge of Islamic divorce rulings.
Some of these statements I can hardly remember clearly. They were blurted impulsively, in blind rage and psychological breakdowns.
Because of all this, I have strong doubts and feelings that these divorces were not valid.
Relevant Islamic Principles and Hadith That Suggest the Marriage May Still Be Valid:
“There is no divorce and no manumission in a state of coercion.”
(Sunan Abi Dawud 2193)
This hadith suggests that divorce pronounced under coercion, which can include emotional or psychological coercion, may not be valid.
“Actions are judged by intentions.”
(Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)
This principle indicates that divorce statements made without sincere, conscious intention may lack legal effect.
Divorce given in uncontrollable anger:
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said:
“The divorce is two when the man is angry, but when he becomes calm, he can take her back.”
(Abu Dawud 2179, Ibn Majah 2019)
This implies that divorces pronounced in extreme rage, when reason is lost, may not be counted as valid.
The influence of waswasa and nafs:
Divorce statements motivated by whisperings from Shaytan and ego-driven harmful intent conflict with the requirement for deliberate and mindful intention.
Sound Mind and Capacity for Consent:
Islamic law requires contracts to be made by individuals with sound mind and free will. Mental illness affecting this capacity can affect validity.
I did some research and these seem to apply to this situation.
Given the complexity of mental health factors and emotional distress, how should these be weighed in determining the status of the marriage and divorce?
If the marriage was valid in the first place, has the marriage been terminated regardless of our circumstances and the coercion I faced?
This situation involves deep trauma, psychological illness, and a lack of clarity on Islamic rulings. I seek Allah’s guidance and your learned wisdom to help clarify the ruling so that justice and mercy can prevail.
Jazakumullahu khayran for your time and assistance.
Wassalamu alaykum wa rahmatullah.
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer:
Before answering your question, I believe it will be more beneficial to first inform you of the principles of marriage and divorce, and in what state the factors which affect their validity are.
To start, a Nikah consists of three conditions: first the proposal of marriage (Ijaab) is made, after which would be the acceptance (Qabul), alongside witnesses. Both the proposal and acceptance made in a Nikah must be clearly heard by all parties, who all understand that a Nikah is taking place and who is marrying whom.[1]
For a Nikah to be valid, the contract needs to be witnessed by two males, or one male and two females, and the witnesses need to be Muslim, mature (baligh) and intellectually capable. As for the Wali (guardian), according to the Hanafi Mazhab, the marriage of a mature woman without a Wali (guardian) is valid so long as the person she has married is considered compatible with her at the time of marriage. However, if the husband is not compatible the marriage would be considered invalid.[2]
Much like a business contract, marriage is a clear and deliberate endeavor that should not contain any ambiguities. It occurs when all parties involved are mature, aware of the marriage taking place and are willing for it to proceed. The validity of your Nikah cannot be determined at this point as you have not stated why the father did not approve of the marriage, your compatibility with each other, or in what way you believe one of the witnesses to this Nikah are not valid.
“Divorce is twice. Then, either keep [her] in a good manner or release [her] with kindness…These are the limits of Allāh, so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits of Allāh – it is those who are the wrongdoers [i.e., the unjust]. And if he has divorced her [for the third time], then she is not lawful to him afterward until [after] she marries a husband other than him. And if the latter husband divorces her [or dies], there is no blame upon the woman and her former husband for returning to each other if they think that they can keep [within] the limits of Allah. These are the limits of Allah, which He makes clear to people of knowledge.” Surah Baqarah (2:229-230) [3]
As for divorce, the wording of the husband needs to be considered. Statements of divorce are of two types: clear/explicit (Ṣariḥ) and ambiguous (Kināyah). When a husband makes statements of divorce that are explicit (e.g. “talaq” or “you are divorced”), the situation and his intention would not be taken into account. On the other hand, if the statement is ambiguous or metaphorical (e.g. “your back is like my mother” or “get out of this house”), then the husband’s intention regarding his words at the time or the context of the situation would need to be assessed. If divorce was being discussed or you intended for the words to mean divorce, then it is considered as such. I would like to add here that giving divorce in anger does not affect its validity, as by nature a person does not give divorce in a state of being pleased with their spouse.[4]
A husband has a limit of two statements of revocable divorce (raj’i), after which his third pronouncement will make the divorce irrevocable (ba’in) and he is forbidden from returning to his wife. However, the privilege of revoking may be removed if a husband declares he is giving an irrevocable divorce or the husband uses an ambiguous (Kināyah) statement of divorce. As for the first two pronouncements of a revocable divorce, a husband may take back his wife so long as she is still in her iddah period. If the ‘iddah has expired, he must perform a new nikkah with a new dowry in order to remarry her, with her consent. After the third pronouncement of divorce, the husband cannot renew his nikkah with his former wife until she has entered into a genuine marriage with a different husband and then that marriage naturally ends in divorce.[5]
Divorce is valid from every sane adult man. For a husband to be considered insane or lacking in mental capacity, he would need to say the statement of divorce when he was unaware of what he was saying or doing for a divorce to be invalid. If you gave your divorces whilst coherent and able to reason, your statements will not be invalidated. A person is not considered to be insane in divorce unless his mental capacity has been previously proven to be unstable (preferably by a medical professional), or there were witnesses to his insanity during the event.[6]
As for feeling compelled or coerced, according to the Hanafi school of thought, this does not invalidate a statement of divorce, as divorce is applied upon its pronouncement and not the circumstances in which it occurs. In other words, divorce is not something which can be revoked, so once it has been said it cannot be taken back. Coercion is different from insanity, as even when one is coerced they are still considered to have free will and only the feeling of satisfaction with the action is lacking. As approval is not a requirement of divorce, it remains valid. Another opinion of the Hanafi school regarding coercion is that it is similar to joking in regards to its lack of intent by the speaker, and since divorce said in jest is valid, so too is divorce said under coercion. In addition, a person is only considered coerced when their life or limb are under immediate threat from another party, not when one feels mentally pressured.[7]
Regarding the quotes cited in this message, these are not applicable to the situation at hand. While a person may be considered religiously sincere regarding their intention (diyanatan), as the validity of divorce in this world is subject to the external judgement of people, any judicial assessment must be based on the apparent reality, not solely on intentions. When the intent cannot be proven, an individual will not be believed judicially (qadha’an) even if they claim their intent was otherwise.[8]
The second hadeeth “no divorce and no emancipation in ghalaq” is a hadeeth found in Sunan Abi Dawood (2193). The word “ghalaaq/ighlaaq” has several definitions, but according to the Hanafi opinion, it refers to insanity. “Ghalaq” can also mean physical confinement (coercion), and Abu Dawood and Ahmad ibn Hanbal speculated that the meaning was “anger”, but we do not take these opinions for the reasons previously mentioned.[9]
As for the final narration mentioned, I was unable to find any such hadeeth. The hadeeth of Sunan Abi Dawood, 2179 and Sunan Ibn Majah, 2019 are regarding the ‘iddah of a woman divorced during her menstruation and not what has been stated in your message, as can be seen below:
It was narrated that Ibn ‘Umar said: “I divorced my wife when she was menstruating. ‘Umar mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah and he said: ‘Tell him to take her back until she becomes pure (i.e., her period ends), then she has her period (again), then she becomes pure (again), then if he wishes he may divorce her before having sexual relations with her, and if he wishes he may keep her. This is the waiting period that Allah has enjoined.'” Ibn Majah (2019) & similarly in Sunan Abi Dawud (2179) [10]
In conclusion, as the circumstances surrounding your pronouncements of divorce have not been mentioned in this message and divorce coupled with medical conditions requires careful analysis, a ruling cannot be made regarding your pronouncements of divorce. Mental health conditions entail symptoms which can have varying levels of intensity depending on the episode the individual is experiencing, so your condition at the time of each statement of divorce would need to be carefully reviewed. You should present your case to a local Shari’ah Council, where the circumstances in which the divorces took place can be more accurately investigated in order to reliably rule if the divorces would be considered valid or not.
Only Allah ﷻ knows best.
Written by Muftiyah Maryam Badshah
Checked and approved by Mufti Mohammed Tosir Miah
Darul Ifta Birmingham
References:
[1]
وَأَمَّا رُكْنُهُ) فَالْإِيجَابُ وَالْقَبُولُ، كَذَا فِي الْكَافِي وَالْإِيجَابُ مَا يُتَلَفَّظُ بِهِ أَوَّلًا مِنْ أَيِّ جَانِبٍ كَانَ وَالْقَبُولُ جَوَابُهُ هَكَذَا فِي الْعِنَايَةِ…
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.267, Dār Al-Fiqr)
وَمِنْهَا) سَمَاعُ الشَّاهِدَيْنِ كَلَامَهُمَا مَعًا هَكَذَا فِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ فَلَا يَنْعَقِدُ بِشَهَادَةِ نَائِمَيْنِ إذَا لَمْ يَسْمَعَا كَلَامَ الْعَاقِدَيْنِ، كَذَا فِي فَتَاوَى قَاضِي خَانْ… وَلَوْ سَمِعَا كَلَامَ أَحَدِهِمَا دُونَ الْآخَرِ أَوْ سَمِعَ أَحَدُهُمَا كَلَامَ أَحَدِهِمَا وَالْآخَرُ كَلَامَ الْآخَرِ لَا يَجُوزُ النِّكَاحُ هَكَذَا فِي الْبَدَائِعِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِحَضْرَةِ الرَّجُلَيْنِ…
رَجُلٌ قَالَ لِقَوْمٍ: اشْهَدُوا أَنِّي تَزَوَّجْتُ هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةَ الَّتِي فِي هَذَا الْبَيْتِ فَقَالَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ: قَبِلْتُ فَسَمِعَ الشُّهُودُ مَقَالَتَهَا وَلَمْ يَرَوْا شَخْصَهَا فَإِنْ كَانَتْ فِي الْبَيْتِ وَحْدَهَا جَازَ النِّكَاحُ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ فِي الْبَيْتِ مَعَهَا أُخْرَى لَا يَجُوزُ….
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.268, Dār Al-Fiqr)
[2]
وَمِنْهَا) الشَّهَادَةُ قَالَ عَامَّةُ الْعُلَمَاءِ: إنَّهَا شَرْطُ جَوَازِ النِّكَاحِ هَكَذَا فِي الْبَدَائِعِ وَشُرِطَ فِي الشَّاهِدِ أَرْبَعَةُ أُمُورٍ: الْحُرِّيَّةُ وَالْعَقْلُ وَالْبُلُوغُ وَالْإِسْلَامُ…
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.267, Dār Al-Fiqr)
… (قَوْلُهُ فِي غَيْرِ الْكُفْءِ) أَيْ فِي تَزْوِيجِهَا نَفْسَهَا مِنْ غَيْرِ كُفْءٍ … وَأَمَّا عَلَى الْمُفْتَى بِهِ الْآتِي فَهُوَ حَرَامٌ لِعَدَمِ الِانْعِقَادِ أَفَادَهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ.
…(قَوْلُهُ وَيُفْتِي فِي غَيْرِ الْكُفْءِ إلَخْ)…
قَوْلُهُ بِعَدَمِ جَوَازِهِ أَصْلًا) هَذِهِ رِوَايَةُ الْحَسَنِ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ، وَهَذَا إذَا كَانَ لَهَا وَلِيٌّ لَمْ يَرْضَ بِهِ قَبْلَ الْعَقْدِ، فَلَا يُفِيدُ الرِّضَا بَعْدَهُ بَحْرٌ… وَقَوْلُ الْبَحْرِ: لَمْ يَرْضَ بِهِ يَشْمَلُ مَا إذَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ أَصْلًا فَلَا يَلْزَمُ التَّصْرِيحُ بِعَدَمِ الرِّضَا بَلْ السُّكُوتُ مِنْهُ لَا يَكُونُ رِضًا كَمَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ فَلَا بُدَّ حِينَئِذٍ لِصِحَّةِ الْعَقْدِ مِنْ رِضَاهُ صَرِيحًا، وَعَلَيْهِ فَلَوْ سَكَتَ قَبْلَهُ ثُمَّ رَضِيَ بَعْدَهُ لَا يُفِيدُ…
Raddul Muhtār (Vol.3, pg.56-7, Dār Al-Fiqr)
ثُمَّ الْمَرْأَةُ إذَا زَوَّجَتْ نَفْسَهَا مِنْ غَيْرِ كُفْءٍ … وَرَوَى الْحَسَنُ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – أَنَّ النِّكَاحَ لَا يَنْعَقِدُ وَبِهِ أَخَذَ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ مَشَايِخِنَا رَحِمَهُمْ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى، كَذَا فِي الْمُحِيطِ وَالْمُخْتَارُ فِي زَمَانِنَا لِلْفَتْوَى رِوَايَةُ الْحَسَنِ وَقَالَ الشَّيْخُ الْإِمَامُ شَمْسُ الْأَئِمَّةِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ رِوَايَةُ الْحَسَنِ أَقْرَبُ إلَى الِاحْتِيَاطِ…
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.292, Dār Al-Fiqr)
[3]
الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ ۖ فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَسْرِيحٌ بِإِحْسَانٍ ۗ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَن تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَن يَخَافَا أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ ۖ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ ۗ تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا ۚ وَمَن يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ فَإِن طَلَّقَهَا فَلَا تَحِلُّ لَهُ مِن بَعْدُ حَتَّىٰ تَنكِحَ زَوْجًا غَيْرَهُ ۗ فَإِن طَلَّقَهَا فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا أَن يَتَرَاجَعَا إِن ظَنَّا أَن يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ ۗ وَتِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ يُبَيِّنُهَا لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ
Qur’an (2:229-230)
[4]
فَصْلٌ فِيمَنْ يَقَعُ طَلَاقُهُ وَفِيمَنْ لَا يَقَعُ طَلَاقُهُ) يَقَعُ طَلَاقُ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ إذَا كَانَ بَالِغًا عَاقِلًا سَوَاءٌ كَانَ حُرًّا أَوْ عَبْدًا طَائِعًا أَوْ مُكْرَهًا
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.353, Dār Al-Fiqr)
مِنْ أَنَّ الصَّرِيحَ مَا لَا يَحْتَاجُ إلَى نِيَّةٍ بَائِنًا كَانَ الْوَاقِعُ بِهِ أَوْ رَجْعِيًّا خَاصٌّ بِالصَّرِيحِ فِي الْجُمْلَةِ الْأُولَى: أَعْنِي قَوْلَهُمْ الصَّرِيحُ يَلْحَقُ الصَّرِيحَ وَالْبَائِنَ
Raddul Muhtār (Vol.3, pg.308, Dār Al-Fiqr)
الْفَصْلُ الْخَامِسُ فِي الْكِنَايَاتِ) لَا يَقَعُ بِهَا الطَّلَاقُ إلَّا بِالنِّيَّةِ أَوْ بِدَلَالَةِ حَالٍ
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.374, Dār Al-Fiqr)
[5]
كِنَايَتُهُ) عِنْدَ الْفُقَهَاءِ (مَا لَمْ يُوضَعْ لَهُ) أَيْ الطَّلَاقِ (وَاحْتَمَلَهُ) وَغَيْرَهُ (فَ) الْكِنَايَاتُ (لَا تَطْلُقُ بِهَا) قَضَاءً (إلَّا بِنِيَّةٍ أَوْ دَلَالَةِ الْحَالِ) وَهِيَ حَالَةُ مُذَاكَرَةِ الطَّلَاقِ أَوْ الْغَضَبِ…
… وَمِنْهَا عَدَّيْتُ عَنْهَا فَيَقَعُ بِهِ الْبَائِنُ بِالنِّيَّةِ…
… وَنَوَى الطَّلَاقَ تَقَعُ وَاحِدَةٌ بَائِنَةٌ
Raddul Muhtār (Vol.3, pg.296-7, Dār Al-Fiqr)
الرَّجْعَةَ عَلَى زَوْجَتِهِ، وَطَلَاقٌ رَجْعِيٌّ بِالْوَجْهَيْنِ أَيْضًا. اهـ
وَقَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ الطَّلَاقَ الصَّرِيحَ، وَمَا فِي حُكْمِهِ يَعْقُبُ الرَّجْعَةَ… (قَوْلُهُ هِيَ اسْتِدَامَةُ الْمِلْكِ الْقَائِمِ فِي الْعِدَّةِ) أَيْ الرَّجْعَةُ إبْقَاءُ النِّكَاحِ عَلَى مَا كَانَ مَادَامَتْ فِي الْعِدَّةِ لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {فَأَمْسِكُوهُنَّ بِمَعْرُوفٍ} [البقرة: ٢٣١] لِأَنَّ الْإِمْسَاكَ اسْتِدَامَةُ الْمِلْكِ الْقَائِمِ لَا إعَادَةُ الزَّائِلِ وقَوْله تَعَالَى {وَبُعُولَتُهُنَّ أَحَقُّ بِرَدِّهِنَّ} [البقرة: ٢٢٨] يَدُلُّ عَلَى عَدَمِ اشْتِرَاطِ رِضَاهَا، وَعَلَى اشْتِرَاطِ الْعِدَّةِ إذْ لَا يَكُونُ بَعْدَهَا بَعْلًا، وَالرَّدُّ يَصْدُقُ حَقِيقَةً بَعْدَ انْعِقَادِ سَبَبِ زَوَالِ الْمِلْكِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ زَائِلًا بَعْدُ كَمَا بَعْدَ الزَّوَالِ
Al-Bahr Al-Rāiq (Vol.4, pg.54, Dār Al-Kitab Al-Islami)
وَأَمَّا شَرْطُهُ) عَلَى الْخُصُوصِ فَشَيْئَانِ (أَحَدُهُمَا) قِيَامُ الْقَيْدِ فِي الْمَرْأَةِ نِكَاحٍ أَوْ عِدَّةٍ (وَالثَّانِي)… وَإِذَا طَلَّقَهَا ثُمَّ رَاجَعَهَا يَبْقَى الطَّلَاقُ وَإِنْ كَانَ لَا يُزِيلُ الْحِلَّ وَالْقَيْدَ فِي الْحَالِ لِأَنَّهُ يُزِيلُهُمَا فِي الْمَآلِ حَتَّى انْضَمَّ إلَيْهِ ثِنْتَانِ
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.348, Dār Al-Fiqr)
قَوْله تَعَالَى: ﴿فَلا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا أَنْ يَتَرَاجَعَا﴾ [البقرة: ٢٣٠] أَيْ يَتَنَاكَحَا بَعْدَ طَلَاقِ الزَّوْجِ الثَّانِي وَذَا فِي الْحُرِّ وَالْحُرَّةِ
Badā’i’ Al-Ṣanā’i’ (Vol.3, pg.97, Dār Al-Kutub Al-’Ilmiyyah)
[6]
فَصْلٌ فِيمَنْ يَقَعُ طَلَاقُهُ وَفِيمَنْ لَا يَقَعُ طَلَاقُهُ) يَقَعُ طَلَاقُ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ إذَا كَانَ بَالِغًا عَاقِلًا سَوَاءٌ كَانَ حُرًّا أَوْ عَبْدًا طَائِعًا أَوْ مُكْرَهًا
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.1, pg.353, Dār Al-Fiqr)
قَوْلُهُ وَالْمَجْنُونُ) قَالَ فِي التَّلْوِيحِ: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلَالُ الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الْأُمُورِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ، بِأَنْ لَا تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهُ وَتَتَعَطَّلُ أَفْعَالُهَا، إمَّا لِنُقْصَانِ جَبَلٍ عَلَيْهِ دِمَاغُهُ فِي أَصْلِ الْخِلْقَةِ، وَإِمَّا لِخُرُوجِ مِزَاجِ الدِّمَاغِ عَنْ الِاعْتِدَالِ بِسَبَبِ خَلْطٍ أَوْ آفَةٍ، وَإِمَّا لِاسْتِيلَاءِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَيْهِ وَإِلْقَاءِ الْخَيَالَاتِ الْفَاسِدَةِ إلَيْهِ بِحَيْثُ يَفْرَحُ وَيَفْزَعُ مِنْ غَيْرِ مَا يَصْلُحُ سَبَبًا. اهـ. وَفِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ الْخَانِيَّةِ: رَجُلٌ عَرَفَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ مَجْنُونًا فَقَالَتْ لَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ: طَلَّقْتَنِي الْبَارِحَةَ فَقَالَ: أَصَابَنِي الْجُنُونُ وَلَا يَعْرِفُ ذَلِكَ إلَّا بِقَوْلِهِ كَانَ الْقَوْلُ قَوْلَهُ
Raddul Muhtār (Vol.3, pg.243, Dār Al-Fiqr)
إنَّهُ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ: أَحَدُهَا أَنْ يَحْصُلَ لَهُ مَبَادِئُ الْغَضَبِ بِحَيْثُ لَا يَتَغَيَّرُ عَقْلُهُ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا يَقُولُ وَيَقْصِدُهُ، وَهَذَا لَا إشْكَالَ فِيهِ. وَالثَّانِي أَنْ يَبْلُغَ النِّهَايَةَ فَلَا يَعْلَمُ مَا يَقُولُ وَلَا يُرِيدُهُ، فَهَذَا لَا رَيْبَ أَنَّهُ لَا يَنْفُذُ شَيْءٌ مِنْ أَقْوَالِهِ
الثَّالِثُ مَنْ تَوَسَّطَ بَيْنَ الْمَرْتَبَتَيْنِ بِحَيْثُ لَمْ يَصِرْ كَالْمَجْنُونِ فَهَذَا مَحَلُّ النَّظَرِ، وَالْأَدِلَّةُ عَلَى عَدَمِ نُفُوذِ أَقْوَالِهِ
Raddul Muhtār (Vol.3, pg.244, Dār Al-Fiqr)
وَحُجَّتُهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الإِْكْرَاهَ عِنْدَهُمْ لاَ يُعْدِمُ الاِخْتِيَارَ الَّذِي هُوَ تَرْجِيحُ فِعْل الشَّيْءِ عَلَى تَرْكِهِ أَوِ الْعَكْسُ، وَإِنَّمَا يُعْدِمُ الرِّضَا الَّذِي هُوَ الاِرْتِيَاحُ إِلَى الشَّيْءِ وَالرَّغْبَةُ فِيهِ، وَالرِّضَا لَيْسَ رُكْنًا مِنْ أَرْكَانِ هَذِهِ التَّصَرُّفَاتِ وَلاَ شَرْطًا مِنْ شُرُوطِ انْعِقَادِهَا، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ شَرْطٌ مِنْ شُرُوطِ صِحَّتِهَا، فَإِذَنْ فَقَدْ تَرَتَّبَ عَلَى فِقْدَانِهِ فَسَادُ الْعَقْدِ لاَ بُطْلاَنُهُ. وَلَكِنَّهُمُ اسْتَثْنَوْا مِنْ ذَلِكَ بَعْضَ التَّصَرُّفَاتِ، فَقَالُوا بِصِحَّتِهِمَا مَعَ الإِْكْرَاهِ، وَلَوْ كَانَ مُلْجِئًا، وَمِنْ هَذِهِ التَّصَرُّفَاتِ: الزَّوَاجُ وَالطَّلاَقُ وَمُرَاجَعَةُ الزَّوْجَةِ وَالنَّذْرُ وَالْيَمِينُ
وَعَلَّلُوا هَذَا بِأَنَّ الشَّارِعَ اعْتَبَرَ اللَّفْظَ فِي هَذِهِ التَّصَرُّفَاتِ – عِنْدَ الْقَصْدِ إِلَيْهِ – قَائِمًا مَقَامَ إِرَادَةِ مَعْنَاهُ، فَإِذَا وُجِدَ اللَّفْظُ تَرَتَّبَ عَلَيْهِ أَثَرُهُ الشَّرْعِيُّ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِقَائِلِهِ قَصْدٌ إِلَى مَعْنَاهُ، كَمَا فِي الْهَازِل، فَإِنَّ الشَّارِعَ اعْتَبَرَ هَذِهِ التَّصَرُّفَاتِ صَحِيحَةً إِذَا صَدَرَتْ مِنْهُ، مَعَ انْعِدَامِ قَصْدِهِ إِلَيْهَا، وَعَدَمُ رِضَاهُ بِمَا يَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَيْهَا مِنَ الآْثَارِ
Al-Mawsoo’ah Al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Kuwaitiyyah (Vol.6, pg.106-7, Dār Al-Salāsil)
[7]
أَمَّا تَفْسِيرُهُ فِي الشَّرْعِ: فَهُوَ اسْمٌ لِفِعْلٍ يَفْعَلُهُ الْمَرْءُ بِغَيْرِهِ فَيَنْتَفِي بِهِ رِضَاهُ، كَذَا فِي الْكَافِي
وَأَمَّا) (أَنْوَاعُهُ) فَالْإِكْرَاهُ فِي أَصْلِهِ عَلَى نَوْعَيْنِ إمَّا إنْ كَانَ مُلْجِئًا أَوْ غَيْرَ مُلْجِئٍ فَالْإِكْرَاهُ الْمُلْجِئُ هُوَ الْإِكْرَاهُ بِوَعِيدِ تَلَفِ النَّفْسِ أَوْ بِوَعِيدِ تَلَفِ عُضْوٍ مِنْ الْأَعْضَاءِ وَالْإِكْرَاهُ الَّذِي هُوَ غَيْرُ مُلْجِئٍ هُوَ الْإِكْرَاهُ بِالْحَبْسِ وَالتَّقْيِيدِ…
وَأَمَّا) (حُكْمُهُ) وَهُوَ الرُّخْصَةُ أَوْ الْإِبَاحَةُ أَوْ غَيْرُهُمَا فَيَثْبُتُ عِنْدَ وُجُودِ شَرْطِهِ، وَالْأَصْلُ أَنَّ تَصَرُّفَاتِ الْمُكْرِهِ كُلَّهَا قَوْلًا مُنْعَقِدَةٌ عِنْدَنَا إلَّا أَنَّ مَا يَحْتَمِلُ الْفَسْخَ مِنْهُ كَالْبَيْعِ وَالْإِجَارَةِ يُفْسَخُ، وَمَا لَا يَحْتَمِلُ الْفَسْخَ مِنْهُ كَالطَّلَاقِ وَالْعَتَاقِ وَالنِّكَاحِ وَالتَّدْبِيرِ وَالِاسْتِيلَادِ وَالنَّذْرِ فَهُوَ لَازِمٌ…
Al-Fatāwa al-Hindiyyah (Vol.5, pg.35, Dār Al-Fiqr)
[8]
وَإِنْ قَالَ تَعَمَّدْته تَخْوِيفًا لَمْ يُصَدَّقْ قَضَاءً إلَّا إذَا أَشْهَدَ عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَهُ وَبِهِ يُفْتَى؛
Raddul Muhtār (Vol.3, pg.249, Dār Al-Fiqr)
[9]
حَدَّثَنَا عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَعْدٍ الزُّهْرِيُّ، أَنَّ يَعْقُوبَ بْنَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، حَدَّثَهُمْ قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا أَبِي، عَنِ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ ثَوْرِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ الْحِمْصِيِّ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي صَالِحٍ الَّذِي، كَانَ يَسْكُنُ إِيلْيَا قَالَ خَرَجْتُ مَعَ عَدِيِّ بْنِ عَدِيٍّ الْكِنْدِيِّ حَتَّى قَدِمْنَا مَكَّةَ فَبَعَثَنِي إِلَى صَفِيَّةَ بِنْتِ شَيْبَةَ وَكَانَتْ قَدْ حَفِظَتْ مِنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ سَمِعْتُ عَائِشَةَ تَقُولُ سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يَقُولُ “ لاَ طَلاَقَ وَلاَ عَتَاقَ فِي غَلاَقٍ ” . قَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ الْغِلاَقُ أَظُنُّهُ فِي الْغَضَبِ .
Sunan Abi Dawud 2193 (Bk.13, ch.724, sunnah.com)
إسناده ضعيف لضعف محمد بن عبيد بن أبي صالح. إبراهيم: هو ابن سعد القرشي، وابن إسحاق: هو محمد المطلبي
وأخرجه ابن ماجه (٢٠٤٦) من طريق عبد الله بن نمير، عن ابن إسحاق، بهذا الإسناد. وقد سمى في روايته محمد بن عبيد بن أبي صالح: عُبيد بن أبي صالح. قال المزي: وهو وهم…
وقال الحافظ في “التلخيص” ٣/ ٢١٠: الإغلاق: فسره علماء الغريب بالإكراه، [لأن المكره يغلق عليه أمره وتصرفه] وقال: هو قول ابن قتيبة والخطابي وابن السِّيد وغيرهم، وقيل: الجنون، واستبعده المطرزي، وقيل: الغضب، وقع في “سنن أبي داود” في رواية ابن الأعرابي، وكذا فسره أحمد، وردَّه ابن السيد، فقال: لو كان كذلك لم يقع على أحد طلاق، لأن أحداً لا يطلق حتى يغضب، وقال أبو عُبيد: الإغلاق: التضييقُ
Sunan Abi Dawud with commentary (Vol.3, pg.515, Dār al-Risālah al-‘Ālamiyyah)
[10]
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ إِدْرِيسَ، عَنْ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، قَالَ طَلَّقْتُ امْرَأَتِي وَهِيَ حَائِضٌ فَذَكَرَ ذَلِكَ عُمَرُ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ـ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـ فَقَالَ “ مُرْهُ فَلْيُرَاجِعْهَا حَتَّى تَطْهُرَ ثُمَّ تَحِيضَ ثُمَّ تَطْهُرَ ثُمَّ إِنْ شَاءَ طَلَّقَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يُجَامِعَهَا وَإِنْ شَاءَ أَمْسَكَهَا فَإِنَّهَا الْعِدَّةُ الَّتِي أَمَرَ اللَّهُ ” .
Sunan Ibn Majah 2019 (Bk.10, ch.2, sunnah.com)
حَدَّثَنَا الْقَعْنَبِيُّ، عَنْ مَالِكٍ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، أَنَّهُ طَلَّقَ امْرَأَتَهُ وَهِيَ حَائِضٌ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَسَأَلَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَنْ ذَلِكَ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم “ مُرْهُ فَلْيُرَاجِعْهَا ثُمَّ لْيُمْسِكْهَا حَتَّى تَطْهُرَ ثُمَّ تَحِيضَ ثُمَّ تَطْهُرَ ثُمَّ إِنْ شَاءَ أَمْسَكَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ وَإِنْ شَاءَ طَلَّقَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَمَسَّ فَتِلْكَ الْعِدَّةُ الَّتِي أَمَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ تُطَلَّقَ لَهَا النِّسَاءُ ” .
Sunan Abi Dawud 2179 (Bk.13, ch.720, sunnah.com)